Manga

manga

The manga (Brazilian Portuguese) or manga (European Portuguese) (漫画 sleeve? Literally history (s) in comics) is the word used to designate the comics made ​​in Japanese style. In Japan, the term means any comics. Its origin is in Oricom Shohatsu (Shadow Theatre), which in feudal villages walked several legends telling through puppets. These legends were eventually written on rolls of paper and illustrated, giving rise to the stories in sequence, and consequently resulting in the manga. Give rise to various manga anime for television viewing, video or in theaters, but there is also the reverse process in which the anime become a print edition story in sequence or illustrations.

History

The manga has its roots in the Nara period (eighth century AD), with the appearance of the first rolls of Japanese paintings: the emakimono. They associate pictures and texts that together tell a story as they were rolled out. The first of these emakimono, the Inga Kyo, and a copy of a Chinese work, and clearly separates the text of the painting.

From the middle of the twelfth century, there were the first emakimono with Japanese style. Genji Monogatari Emaki is the copy of emakimono oldest preserved, the most famous being the Chojugiga allocated to bonzo Kakuyu Toba and preserved in Kozangi temple in Kyoto. In recent appear several times, callouts after long scenes of painting. This prevalence of the image alone ensuring the account is now one of the most important features of manga.

In the Edo period in which the rollers are replaced by books, the prints were originally intended for the illustration of novels and poetry, but quickly come to see books as opposed to books to read, before the birth of an independent pattern with a single illustration: the ukiyo-e in the sixteenth century. That is also the precursor of Katsushika Hokusai prints of landscapes, naming his famous cartoons published from 1814 to 1834 in Nagoya, creates the word manga - meaning "drawings irresponsible" - which can be written in Japanese, in the following ways: Kanji (漫画?), Hiragana (まんが?), Katakana (マンガ?) and Romaji (Manga).

The manga had not, however, its current form, which appears in the early twentieth century under the influence of western trade magazines from the United States and Europe. So that came to be known as Ponchie (short for Punch-picture) as the British magazine, origin of the name, Punch Magazine (Punch Magazine), newspapers brought humor and social satire and political short strips of one or four frames.

Several series comparable to overseas appear in Japanese newspapers: Norakuro Joutouhei (First Soldier Norakuro) a series of anti-militarist Suiho Tagawa, and Dankichi Boken (The Adventures of Dankichi) Shimada Keizo are the most popular until the mid-forties, when all the press was subjected to government censorship, as well as all cultural and artistic activities. However, the Japanese government did not hesitate to use the comics for propaganda purposes.

Under American occupation after World War II, the mangaka, as designers are known, are greatly influenced by Western comics of the time, translated and disseminated widely in the press everyday.

At that time, manga was pretty expensive, started to appear on compilations akahons (or akabons, red books), books with paper produced cheaper and red cover and the size of postcards (B6). [2]

It is then that an artist influenced by Walt Disney and Max Fleischer revolutionize this form of expression and gives life to modern manga, Osamu Tezuka. The facial features similar to the designs of Disney and Fleischer, where eyes (especially Betty Boop), mouth, eyebrows and nose are drawn in a very exaggerated to increase the expressiveness of the characters have made their production possible. It is he who introduces stories through movement in graphic effects such as lines that give the impression of speed or onomatopoeia that integrate with the art, outlining all the actions that behave movement, but also and above all, by switching plans and frameworks such as those used in the movies. The stories got longer and began to be divided into chapters.

In 1947, Tezuka created in the format published akahon, a manga written by Shichima Sakai, Shin Takarajima (New Treasure Island), a title of great success that he sold 400,000 copies. [2]

Osamu Tezuka produced through his own studio, Mushi Productions, the first animated series for Japanese television in 1963, from one of his works: Tetsuwan Atom (Astro Boy). Finally the paper path for television became common and the commercial aspect of the manga won amplitude but Tezuka was not content with that. His creativity led him to explore different genres - mostly manga audience had as children and young people - as well as invent others, participating in the development of manga for adults in the sixties with which he could address issues more serious and create more complex scripts. He also has mentored a large number of mangaka as Fujiko Fujio & (double creator of Doraemon), Fujio Akatsuka, Akira "Leiji" Matsumoto, Tatsuo Yoshida (creator of Speed ​​Racer) and Shotaro Ishinomori.

Thus, the manga grew simultaneously with its readers and diversified according to the taste of a public increasingly important, becoming culturally accepted. The manga edition of today represents more than a third of the circulation and more than a quarter of the income of the publishing market in their country of origin. Become a true phenomenon to reach all social classes and all generations because of its low price and diversification of its themes. Indeed, as social mirror cover every topic imaginable: school life, the worker, sports, love, war, fear, series drawn from Japanese and Chinese literature, economics and finance, the history of Japan, and even cooking manual "how to", thus revealing its pedagogical functions.

Styles

                                                                

For the Japanese comic strips are a common reading age far more comprehensive than the juvenile. Japanese society is eager to read and everywhere one sees from adults to children reading the magazines. Therefore, the consumer public is very extensive, with runs in the millions and the development of various styles to suit all tastes.

So the manga are usually classified according to their target audience.

Stories where the target audience are children - not to say that girls should not read them - are called shounen (young boy, a teenager in Japanese) as One Piece, Naruto, Bleach etc.. and usually deal with stories of action, friendship and adventure.

Stories aimed at girls who now are called shojo (young girl in Japanese) and are characterized by remarkable sensations and sensitivity of the character and environment (there are also kids who read shoujo.) As Nana.

Besides these, there gekiga, which is a more realistic current directed at adults (not necessarily pornographic or erotic) such as Lone Wolf and even genders seinen josei for young men and women. The typical features found in comic stories (big eyes, caricatured expressions) are not found in the latter chain.

There are also pornographic, dubbed hentai. The stories deal with yuri and yaoi homosexual female (or Boys Love) is the loving relationship between two men, but both do not necessarily have explicit sex scenes.

The edumangás manga that are aimed at teaching the teaching of different subjects.